Yeah I think so. There are some optimisations that can be done to improve things, but at the end of the day it's running off a slow USB drive
taipan_snake
I've just got Arch Linux installed on a USB drive. I set it up so it works with both UEFI and legacy BIOS boot. It works great - I can install whatever tools I need on it, I can even use it as a little portable Linux drive if I need that. I've also used it to install Arch on a number of my computers.
The only issue is that the USB drive is pretty slow, so it's not the best experience using it
Only if the hash function is designed well
For a launcher, I've been using Neo Launcher (which is on IzzyOnDroid). It's not as feature full as Nova but it's pretty similar in spirit and style
I've got a ZenFone 9 which is excellent and I think fits all of your criteria. There's not many stock apps from what I remember, and they're all easily removable (which I've done, you may need to do some ADB trickery). It also is pretty small, has excellent battery life and a headphone jack.
The only missing thing is that there's no lineageOS support just yet, but there are some other ROMs available.
Yeah, my ZenFone 9 has been a great upgrade from my old Pixel 3a. I'd expect the ZenFone 10 to be slightly even better
There is a Nova launcher beta: https://novalauncher.com/beta