Reaching back into history, into antiquity, we can again conclude that nothing has changed in this respect. In pre-historic times, the European flora offered a large variety of plant and fungal species with psychoactive properties, such as the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), canna-bis (Cannabis sp.), ephedra (Ephedra sp.), some members of the Solanaceae family, e. g. belladonna or deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna L.), henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.), mandragora (Mandragora officinarum L.); and also ergot (spores of the fungus Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.) and hal-lucinogenic fungi such as the liberty cap (Psilocybe semilan-ceata (Fr.) P. Kumm.) or even the fly agaric (Amanita mus-caria (L.) Lam.)4.

The history of Mediterranean civilisations is, after all, marked not only by the consumption of wine. “The ancient Greeks ate and drank opium, but the custom went nowhere beyond ancient Rome, whose users also kept this custom to themselves”5. The sentence quoted above even suggests un-equivocally that stimulants other than alcohol in antiquity were reserved for the world of Mediterranean civilisation. The barbarians living outside its borders were expected to content themselves with consuming alcoholic beverages

https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pz-2024-2017/html

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