I just started playing around with Meshtastic a few days ago, but I may be able to answer some of your questions since I've been reading through the docs pretty heavily. If any of this is incorrect, please enlighten me as, again, I'm a noob to this myself.
If you haven't changed the primary channel key (e.g. you're using the defaults that came with the firmware), then the nodes yours sees as "recognized" are also using the same default channel key. You can talk to them. The nodes that are unrecognized/unknown are on the same LoRa frequency but have different channel keys. You can't talk to them (nor them you).
Yes, if they're unrecognized, they can still route packets unless their owners have them configured not to (e.g. if they set their device mode to something like CLIENT_MUTE which doesn't forward). Nodes can forward packets even if they're not able to decrypt them.